时态是英语非常重要的概念，共有16种时态，分为一般现在时（do），一般过去时（did），一般将来时（will do)，现在进行时(is/am/are doing)，过去进行时(was/were doing)，将来进行时(可与一般将来时换用，will be doing)，现在完成时(have/has done)，过去完成时(had done)，发生在一般过去时的动作之前），将来完成时(will have done)，现在完成进行时（have/has been doing)，过去完成进行时(had been doing)，将来完成进行时(will have been doing)，过去将来时(would do)，过去将来进行时(would be doing)，过去将来完成时(would have done)，过去将来完成进行时(would have been doing)等。
时态结构
| 时态 | ||
|---|---|---|
| 时间 | 状态 | |
| 过去 | 一般 | |
| 现在 | 进行 | |
| 将来 | 完成 |
时态由时间和状态构成，各种不同的时间和状态组合
一、1个时间和1个状态组合
| 过去 | 现在 | 将来 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般过去（did） | 一般现在（do） | 一般将来（will do） |
| 过去进行（was/were doing） | 现在进行（is/am/are doing） | 将来进行（可与一般将来时换用，will be doing） |
| 过去完成（had done） | 现在完成（have/has done） | 将来完成（will have done） |
二、完成进行时
| 过去 | 现在 | 将来 |
|---|---|---|
| 过去完成进行时（had been doing） | 现在完成进行时（have/has been doing） | 将来完成进行时（will have been doing） |
a. 现在完成进行时（have/has been doing）
例：We have been working on this project for over a month now.
b. 过去完成进行时（had been doing）
例：He had been working in a factory for years before he got this job.
c. 将来完成进行时（will have been doing）
例：Soon the astronauts will have been working on it for seven days.
这3种完成时态，是完成时态下强调进行，看起来时二级时态，这3个时态跟其他完成时态的对应关系：
| / | 进行 |
|---|---|
| 现在完成（have/has done） | 现在完成进行时（have/has been doing） |
| 过去完成（had done） | 过去完成进行时（had been doing） |
| 将来完成（will have done） | 将来完成进行时（will have been doing） |
tips: have/has/had been done 这个是完成时态的被动语态，不是一个新的时态
三、过去将来时
a. 过去将来时(would do)
例：She told us that she would not go with us if it rained.
b. 过去将来进行时(would be doing)
例：The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.
c. 过去将来完成时(would have done)
例：I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.
d. 过去将来完成进行时(would have been doing)
例：They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years.
上述4种过去将来时态，我看了一些例子，基本上全部是宾语从句或者if条件句用的，宾语从句的主句部分时过去式，从句的will都变为would。所以这4种时态不需要特别注意，看起来是二级的时态。这4个时态跟其他时态的对应关系：
| will | would |
|---|---|
| 一般将来（will do） | 过去将来时（would do） |
| 将来进行（will be doing） | 过去将来进行时（would be doing） |
| 将来完成（will have done） | 过去将来完成时（would have done） |
| 将来完成进行时（will have been doing） | 过去将来完成进行时（would have been doing） |
一般现在时
何时用？
可以表示：1、经常的状态；2、习惯的动作；3、真理
结构
| 种类 | 结构 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 经常的状态 | 主语 + is/am/are | They are very bad. |
| 习惯的动作 | 主语 + v.(动词) | They often cheat in the exams |
| 真理 | 主语 + is/am/are | The earth is round |
| 真理 | 主语 + v.(动词) | The sun rises in the east. |
动词变化
一般现在时主语 + v.(动词) 的句式中，要区分是否三单
-
主语为非三单 + 动词原形
例：
He loves his girfriend very much.例：
My doy watches TV at night.例：
Jim and Lily wakl to school every day. -
主语为三单 + 动词s/es
例：
Jim and Lily walk to school every day.例：
They drink beer every night.转疑问句
- be动词可直接提前
- 实义动词需要借do/does
He is an IT worker.
->
Is he an IT worker?
They drink beer every night.
->
Do they drink beer every night?
He loves his girfriend very much.
->
Does he loves his girfriend very much?
转否定句
- be动词加not，可缩写
- 实义动词需要借don’t/doesn’t
He is an IT worker.
->
He isn't an IT worker.
They drink beer every night.
->
They don't drink beer every night.
He loves his girfriend very much.
->
He doesn't loves his girfriend very much.
现在进行时
何时用？
表示此时此刻正在做的状态
结构
主语 + Is/Am/Are + doing
They are walking.
动词变化
-
一般 + ing
例：
They are walking. -
以不发音的e结尾，去e + ing
例：
She is typing a letter. -
辅+元+辅（汉堡包结构），双写辅音字母+ing，除了opening这个例外
例：
He is swimming across the river.转疑问句
主语 + Is/Am/Are + not + doing?
They are walking.
->
Are they walking?
转否定句
Is/Am/Are + 主语 + doing?
They are walking.
->
They are not walking.
现在完成时
何时用？
-
截止现在已经完成的行为
I have aired the room. -
表示持续
They have lived in Beijing for ten years.结构
主语 + has/have + done
动词变化
-
一般情况 + ed
例：
call->called, air->aired -
以e结尾，+d
例：
live->lived, love->loved -
以辅音字母y结尾，变y为i+ed
例：
try->tried, study->studied -
辅+元+辅（汉堡包结构），双写辅音字母+ed
例：
stop->stopped转疑问句
Has/Have + 主语 + done?
He has aired the room.
->
Has he aired the room?
转否定句
主语 + has/have + not + done
He has aired the room.
->
He has not aired the room?
一般过去时
何时用？
-
过去经常的状态
-
过去习惯的动作
结构
种类 | 结构 | 例句 —- | —- | —- 过去经常的状态 | 主语 + was/were | I studied in the US in 2010. 过去习惯的动作 | 主语 + v.(动词过去式)|
动词变化
-
一般情况 + ed
例：
call->called, air->aired -
以e结尾，+d
例：
live->lived, love->loved -
以辅音字母y结尾，变y为i+ed
例：
try->tried, study->studied -
辅+元+辅（汉堡包结构），双写辅音字母+ed
例：
stop->stopped转疑问句
was/were + …? Did + … + 动词原形…?
There was a very big race.
->
Was there a very big race.
I answered the phonoe.
->
Did I answer the phonoe?
转否定句
was/were + not didn’t + 动词原形
There was a very big race.
->
There was not a very big race.
I answered the phonoe.
->
I didn't answer the phone.
过去进行时
何时用？
过去某一时刻、时段正发生的动作
结构
主语 + was/were + doing
She was doing her homework at 10:00 last night.
They were having a date from 7:00-9:00 yesterday.
动词变化
参加一般进行时
转疑问句
was/were + …?
She was doing her homework at 10:00 last night.
->
Was she doing her homework at 10:00 last night.
转否定句
was/were + not
She was doing her homework at 10:00 last night.
->
She was not doing her homework at 10:00 last night.
过去完成时
何时用？
再过去某一时刻之前，已经完成的动作、状态
如图：绿色是现在完成时，蓝色是过去完成时
例句
The rain had already stopped before 8:00 this morning.
结构
主语 + had + done
She had done her homework before 10:00 last night.
动词变化
参加现在完成时
转疑问句
Had + …?
She had done her homework before 10:00 last night.
->
Had she done her homework before 10:00 last night？
转否定句
had + not
She had done her homework before 10:00 last night.
->
She had not done her homework before 10:00 last night.
一般将来时
何时用？
将来的动作、行为
结构
-
主语 + is/am/are + going to
用于表示：客观、马上、预先的计划
It's going to be fine tomorrow. the woman is goint to talk to you. -
主语 + will/shall + v.
I will be late. He will come on time.
动词变化
无变化，使用原型
转疑问句
will/is/am/are + …?
It's going to be fine tomorrow.
->
Is it going to be fine tomorrow.
I will be late.
->
Will I be late?
转否定句
will/is/am/are + not
It's going to be fine tomorrow.
->
It is not going to be fine tomorrow.
I will be late.
->
I will no be late.
过去将来时
何时用？
结构
-
主语 + was/were + going to
-
主语 + would + v.
He was 20 years old at that time. In three years, he would be 23 years old.
He told me he would come to Beijing.
动词变化
无变化，使用原型
转疑问句
will/is/am/are + …?
It's going to be fine tomorrow.
->
Is it going to be fine tomorrow.
I will be late.
->
Will I be late?
转否定句
will/is/am/are + not
It's going to be fine tomorrow.
->
It is not going to be fine tomorrow.
I will be late.
->
I will no be late.